Postoperative anesthetic complications are not uncommon. Nonetheless, surgical procedures induce specific anatomical and physiological changes. Managing patients undergoing surgery remains complex across various phases of hospital care. Anesthesiologists frequently administer up to half a million doses during their careers, and morbidity and mortality linked to improper dosing and administration postoperatively are frequent concerns. The likelihood of errors is unpredictable and can lead to serious consequences. This review aims to assist anesthesiologists in adopting updated clinical skills to better assess and manage anesthetic complications. The purpose of this literature review is to explore and discuss the main categories of adverse complications and mortality rates following anesthetic administration. The information was gathered through electronic searches, including Google Scholar and PubMed. Anesthesiologists need to classify complications systematically to outline anesthetic risks clearly. Doing so will improve outcomes for vulnerable patients and enable faster, more accurate interventions.
This research focused on comparing the effects of Securinega virosa leaf extract and its partitioned fractions against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The extraction process utilized 80% methanol, and the resulting crude extract underwent phytochemical screening using established protocols. Antimicrobial potency of the crude methanol extract and its aqueous and chloroform fractions was assessed using the agar well diffusion method. Additionally, their minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined. The phytochemical analysis revealed that the leaf extract of S. virosa contained various bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, tannins, terpenes, cardiac glycosides, anthraquinones, and reducing sugars. When tested for antibacterial activity, the crude extract at concentrations of 100, 50, 25, 12.5, and 6.25 mg/ml produced inhibition zones averaging 14.67 ± 0.82, 10.33 ± 0.82, 8.33 ± 0.41, 6.67 ± 0.41, and 4.33 ± 0.82 mm, respectively. For the partitioned fractions, the aqueous extract yielded inhibition zones of 10.50 ± 0.35, 6.67 ± 1.47, 4.67 ± 0.82, 1.67 ± 2.04, and 1.33 ± 1.63 mm across the same concentrations. The chloroform fraction resulted in inhibition zones of 10.33 ± 1.08, 6.67 ± 0.41, 4.33 ± 1.08, and 2.66 ± 1.78 mm, respectively.Regarding the minimum inhibitory concentration, the crude extract displayed effectiveness starting at 25 mg/ml, while both the aqueous and chloroform fractions showed inhibitory activity at 50 mg/ml. Overall, all forms of S. virosa extracts tested (crude methanol, aqueous, and chloroform) demonstrated activity against MRSA, with the crude extract exhibiting the most pronounced antibacterial effect.
Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) has antiestrogenic effects that may interfere with the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, thereby disrupting estrogen production and influencing both uterine weight and diameter. This experiment investigated how turmeric extract affects uterine parameters in female white rats (Rattus norvegicus, Sprague Dawley strain). A total of 28 rats were assigned to four groups: the control group (C) received only H₂O. In contrast, treatment groups T1, T2, and T4 were administered turmeric extract at doses of 250 mg/Kg BW, 500 mg/Kg BW, and 1000 mg/Kg BW, respectively, each combined with 1 ml of H₂O. The treatments were given once daily for five days. Results indicated that turmeric extract at 250 mg/Kg BW and 1000 mg/Kg BW led to a significant reduction in both uterine weight and diameter. In summary, turmeric extract reduced uterine size and weight, indicating its antiestrogenic capability in female rats.
Policosanol is a valuable compound with potential applications across multiple sectors. Within the pharmaceutical field, policosanol and its main components—triacontanol, octacosanol, and hexacosanol—have shown biological activity, particularly in conditions associated with inflammation and hypercholesterolaemia. Triacontanol, specifically, serves as a plant growth promoter and is widely applied in numerous economically significant crops and microalgae, either as a pure compound or as part of policosanol extracts. This review compiles key studies addressing the bioactivity of policosanol in both plant and animal cells, enabling comparison of the different mechanisms of action. A detailed evaluation of this information opens avenues for further research. Articles were sourced from PubMed and Redalyc using specific key terms: policosanol, inflammatory mechanisms, triacontanol, cellular absorption, photosynthesis, and photoinhibition. Policosanol has been found to interfere with inflammation-related pathways, notably the NF-κB and MAPK signaling cascades. Its cholesterol-lowering capacity results from the suppression of hepatic cholesterol synthesis through the indirect inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase. Triacontanol enhances plant growth and influences biochemical and physiological traits, especially under stress, mainly by improving photosynthetic efficiency. Notably, octacosanol can suppress the activity of triacontanol in plants—a phenomenon not observed in human cells—highlighting key distinctions in how these compounds function in plant versus animal systems, which warrants further investigation.
Gout disease is recognized as one of the most prevalent forms of arthritis worldwide, with an estimated prevalence of around 2.5%. Its pathophysiology is primarily linked to elevated levels of uric acid in the bloodstream, which may result from either increased production or reduced renal excretion. Clinically, it often presents as a swollen, erythematous, and painful joint. The definitive method for diagnosis remains synovial aspiration from the affected joint. While acute attacks typically require management in the emergency department, long-term care is generally provided in primary care settings.This literature review aims to explore gout disease in terms of its clinical features, diagnostic approaches, and treatment strategies, particularly focusing on the role of primary care. A comprehensive search was conducted on the PubMed database using the MeSH term “gout disease” to identify pertinent studies. Gout disease continues to be among the most widespread rheumatologic conditions globally, and unhealthy lifestyle choices, including alcohol intake and high consumption of red and white meats, may exacerbate its incidence. Diagnosis may involve blood tests, radiographic imaging, and joint aspiration. Maintenance therapy, often administered in primary care, includes the use of Allopurinol or other urate-lowering agents.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates, there were 558,000 new cases of rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis, with 82% of these classified as multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). This study aimed to investigate the outbreak of MDR-TB in River Nile State, Sudan, and identify the risk factors associated with its occurrence. A descriptive cross-sectional hospital-based study was conducted involving two hundred specimens from patients suspected of having MDR-TB, tested using the automated GeneXpert assay. The GeneXpert results indicated that Mycobacterium tuberculosis was detected in 81 cases (40.5%), and among these positive results, 13 (16%) were confirmed as MDR-TB. Furthermore, 7 of the MDR-TB cases had a history of previous treatment, accounting for approximately 53 percent of MDR patients. In contrast, the other 6 MDR-TB cases were new, representing 47% of the MDR-TB patients. In addition, 4 MDR-TB patients had a history of contact with other MDR-TB cases. The prevalence of MDR-TB in River Nile State, Sudan, was found to be 16%, which is higher than the WHO estimate for Sudan at 10.1%. The findings highlighted that prior contact with MDR-TB patients is the primary risk factor for developing MDR-TB, emphasizing that treatment adherence and increased social awareness about MDR-TB transmission are essential preventive measures.
Measuring trace element concentrations in human hair serves as an important analytical method for screening potential deficiencies, excesses, or biochemical imbalances of these microelements in the body. In this research, using an inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analyzer, the authors aimed to identify toxic trace elements (Al, Pb, Hg) and quantify key mineral elements (Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn) in healthy individuals with good nutritional status. The study included a sample of 75 adult women aged 30–35 years from various regions across the country. Hair samples weighing 100 mg and measuring 3 cm from the scalp base were collected for trace element analysis and evaluation. Results showed that 12 participants (16%) exhibited elevated intracellular Mg levels (1.2 mmol/L), increased Ca levels (0.72 mmol/L), yet decreased mean Ca/Mg ratios (0.58). Conversely, 6 participants (8%) demonstrated low mean values of Mg (0.004 mmol/L) and Ca (0.04 mmol/L) but had a high Ca/Mg ratio. At the time of analysis, none of the subjects displayed signs of acute or severe heavy metal intoxication. The hair trace element content reflected the environmental and lifestyle factors of the individuals from different regions of the country.
Medications, as essential tools in healthcare, undergo laboratory evaluation before being applied in treatment. Since cellular and organ functions are largely consistent across animals and humans, many processes in animal cells mirror those in human cells. From a biological standpoint, humans are categorized as animals. In experimental pharmacology, animals are utilized to examine disease effects on living tissues, evaluate new treatments, including animal medications, and assist in the training of future health professionals and scientists. They have significantly contributed to research progress, enabling the discovery of various new drugs through animal experimentation. However, animal testing presents specific challenges, including issues related to animal procurement, the complexity of experimental procedures, strict regulatory guidelines, ethical concerns, and, frequently, the perspectives of students. Consequently, modern advancements, such as computer simulations, are increasingly being adopted as substitutes for animal use. This article highlights the role of animals in experimental pharmacology while also acknowledging proposed alternatives for pharmacology education.
This study examines the acute toxicity of Monizen® forte when administered to white male mice through intragastric and subcutaneous routes. The evaluation of acute toxicity parameters for MONIZEN® forte was performed at the pharmacology and toxicology laboratory and vivarium of VNIIVSGE, affiliated with the FGBNU FNC VIEW RAN. The toxicological testing followed the protocol outlined in the “Guidelines for conducting preclinical studies of drugs. Part one” (2012).The median lethal dose (LD50) of MONIZEN® forte was found to be 2524 ± 91.5 mg/kg for subcutaneous injection in white nonlinear mice, whereas the oral (intragastric) administration showed an LD50 of 953.82 ± 156 mg/kg. According to the acute toxicity results in mice after a single intragastric dose, MONIZEN® forte is categorized as a moderately toxic compound under the 3rd hazard class in line with the hygienic classification GOST 12.1.007-76. Administering doses higher than recommended via either oral or parenteral routes caused toxic effects on the liver and kidneys in the tested mice.
This article focuses on examining the structure of microorganisms and their antimicrobial drug resistance during the provision of in-hospital medical care for patients with COVID-19. Among monotypic fungal infections, Candida albicans predominated at 46.82% (n = 375), followed by Candida glabrata at 21.97% (n = 176). Streptococcus pneumoniae accounted for 25.24% (n = 617), while the combined antimicrobial presence of S. pneumoniae with Candida species represented 11.17% (n = 273), ranking highest in isolation frequency among all microorganisms. In deceased patients, the dominant pathogens identified were Klebsiella pneumoniae at 36.3% (n = 159) and Candida fungi at 21.92% (n = 96). Analysis of antimicrobial resistance revealed that S. pneumoniae (n=890) exhibited low resistance rates to benzylpenicillin (4.2%, n = 37), levofloxacin (11.5%, n = 102), and linezolid (0%), but showed elevated resistance to erythromycin (27.4%, n = 244), lincomycin (25.2%, n = 224), and doxycycline (15.5%, n = 141). The vast majority of K. pneumoniae isolates (n = 326) demonstrated resistance to ampicillin (97.9%), cefuroxime (94.2%), cefotaxime (87.7%), ceftazidime (85%), and cefepime (73%), with comparatively lower resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (52.1%, n = 170) and meropenem (33.4%, n = 109). Microorganisms exhibiting pan-drug resistance accounted for 7.6% (n = 125) of isolates, with the highest proportion of PDR strains attributed to K. pneumoniae, comprising 33.4% (n = 109) of all Klebsiella isolates. C. albicans and S. pneumoniae are the most frequently isolated pathogens among COVID-19 patients receiving inpatient care. The rising detection of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) and pan-drug-resistant (PDR) Klebsiella spp. underscores the critical need for careful selection of empirical antibacterial therapies.
Digoxin, a cardiac glycoside, is commonly prescribed for the management of congestive heart failure, atrial fibrillation or flutter, and certain cardiac arrhythmias. However, its clinical use is limited by its narrow therapeutic index, which predisposes patients to toxicity. At elevated concentrations, digoxin toxicity can present with gastrointestinal disturbances, visual changes, and cardiac arrhythmias. This systematic review aims to summarize reported cases of digoxin toxicity, focusing on associated risk factors, drug-drug interactions, and clinical manifestations. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed and Ovid MEDLINE with the keywords “digoxin” and “toxicity.” Clinical and laboratory features of toxicity were extracted and analyzed. Of the 2,399 articles identified, only 10 met the inclusion criteria for final review. In 4 of the 10 cases, diuretics were implicated as interacting medications. Commonly reported symptoms included nausea, vomiting, visual disturbances, bradycardia, and elevated serum digoxin levels. Identified risk factors for toxicity included female sex, advanced age (60–91 years), renal impairment, and concomitant drug use. Notably, toxicity was observed even at therapeutic or low serum digoxin concentrations in the presence of these risk factors. The most frequent clinical manifestations were gastrointestinal symptoms, vision changes, and bradycardia.
Nerve agents are among the most potent and widely recognized chemical weapons. Recently, a new class of nerve agents, known as Novichok, has emerged as both a hazardous and frequently utilized tool in terrorist attacks. Medical professionals must gain a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental chemical and pharmacological properties of Novichok agents. This article provides a detailed review of the history, development, chemical structure, mechanism of action, toxicokinetics, and toxicology of these agents. Additionally, it discusses the latest diagnostic and treatment approaches for poisoning caused by Novichok agents. Contrary to earlier beliefs, Novichok poisoning shares similarities with other organophosphate toxins and can be effectively managed with timely and appropriate treatment. Given the global threat posed by terrorist incidents involving these agents, medical teams need to be well-versed in their characteristics to ensure optimal diagnosis and care for affected individuals.
Diabetes mellitus remains one of the most prevalent chronic diseases worldwide and is projected by the World Health Organization to become the seventh leading cause of mortality by 2030. In efforts to enhance therapeutic strategies for diabetes, mineral-based compounds are being explored for their supportive benefits. This study investigates the potential effects of the novel mineral formulation Dibeston on renal excretory function in a model of alloxan-induced diabetes. The experimental design involved 40 white laboratory rats assigned to five groups: Group 1: healthy controls; Group 2: alloxan-induced diabetes (untreated controls); Group 3: alloxan-induced diabetes treated with Dibeston; Group 4: alloxan-induced diabetes treated with Asparkam; and Group 5: alloxan-induced diabetes treated with a selenium-based preparation. Key renal parameters, including blood glucose, serum creatinine, urine output (polyuria), and urinary protein levels (proteinuria), were measured. The findings indicate that Dibeston significantly improves renal function in alloxan-induced diabetic nephropathy, suggesting its potential as an adjunct in diabetes management.
Producing enantiomerically pure drugs from racemic mixtures has become a critical objective in modern pharmaceutical science. Racemic compounds typically consist of two or more enantiomers, of which only one may be therapeutically active, while the others may be biologically inactive or even toxic, including teratogenic effects. Hence, the ability to effectively isolate the desired enantiomer is essential for ensuring both the safety and effectiveness of pharmaceutical treatments. This mini-review provides an overview of recent innovations in chiral stationary phases (CSPs) employed for the resolution of racemic drugs and mixtures. It covers various classes of CSPs, including those based on Pirkle-type selectors, polysaccharides, polypeptides, inclusion complexes, ligand-exchange mechanisms, macrocyclic antibiotics, and other novel materials. The performance of these phases in a range of separation techniques—such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC), capillary electrophoresis (CE), supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), and simulated moving bed (SMB) chromatography—is examined. Emphasis is also placed on the types of molecular interactions between CSPs and target analytes that drive effective enantioseparation.
The application of various agricultural pesticides can lead to adverse effects on bodily tissues. This study evaluated the impact of dermal exposure to malathion on sex hormone levels and its potential carcinogenicity in mice. 30 adult male mice were randomly assigned to control and treatment groups. The treatment group received a topical application of malathion at 1 ppm (1 ml) for 12 weeks. After the exposure period, serum levels of testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were analyzed, and tissue samples were collected post-necropsy. Cytotoxicity was assessed using the micronucleus assay and MTT method in vitro, and the IC50 value was calculated. Results showed no significant difference in LH levels between groups; however, both testosterone and FSH levels declined significantly in the treated mice. Histological evaluation revealed mild liver toxicity in the treatment group. Additionally, the frequency of micronuclei at various Malathion concentrations was significantly elevated compared to controls (P < 0.05). Overall, these findings suggest that dermal exposure to malathion can reduce reproductive hormone levels and induce cytotoxicity in mice.
Azithromycin (AZM), primarily recognized for its antibiotic properties, has gained attention for its ability to modulate the immune system and reduce inflammation. This review explores the impact of AZM on various immune cell types, including T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells, and its potential in treating chronic inflammatory and autoimmune conditions. AZM inhibits the mTOR signaling pathway in T cells, thereby limiting both T cell proliferation and cytokine production. It also affects B-cell function by modulating pathways such as NF-κB and CD27, thereby influencing antibody synthesis. In NK cells, AZM reduces cytotoxicity and cytokine release while preserving cell viability. The drug’s effects on immune responses, particularly on vaccination responses and reduced antibody levels, have important clinical implications. While AZM shows potential for managing conditions such as graft-versus-host disease and asthma, its varied effects highlight the need for further investigation. Further understanding of these mechanisms is crucial for optimizing AZM’s therapeutic use and minimizing unwanted immune suppression.
This review aims to explore and consolidate the therapeutic potential of colchicine, one of the oldest yet still widely used treatments. Colchicine is an alkaloid compound known for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. It has been effectively used to treat conditions such as gout, familial Mediterranean fever (FMF), and Behcet’s disease. The drug’s mechanism of action involves its interaction with tubulin, a structural component of the cytoskeleton, which disrupts neutrophil functions, including adhesion, migration, and chemotaxis. Colchicine specifically inhibits tyrosine phosphorylation, a key process for neutrophil activation, and affects neutrophil deformability, preventing their extravasation. Additionally, it suppresses the production of superoxide and pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin 1β and IL-6. The drug also inhibits inflammasome activity, hindering caspase-1 activation and interleukin release. Colchicine has attracted attention during the COVID-19 pandemic due to its potential to treat severe cases and reduce mortality. It is a cost-effective and widely accessible drug with a relatively safe profile. However, its metabolism can be influenced by CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein inhibitors, as well as by renal and hepatic impairments. Common side effects include gastrointestinal disturbances such as diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting.
Doxorubicin, an anthracycline, is a potent anti-cancer drug; however, its clinical use is hindered by its acute and chronic side effects, particularly cardiotoxicity. This study aimed to assess the protective effects of quercetin on doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Wistar rats were divided into five groups: a control group receiving saline (1 mL/kg), a quercetin control group receiving DMSO (1 mL/kg), a quercetin group receiving quercetin (20 mg/kg), a doxorubicin group receiving doxorubicin (25 mg/kg) intraperitoneally for three days, and a pretreatment group receiving quercetin (20 mg/kg) for 14 days before being treated with doxorubicin (25 mg/kg). After 14 days, the rats’ weights were recorded, and heart tissue samples were collected for histopathological examination. The results revealed significant weight loss in the doxorubicin-treated animals (P < 0.05), while quercetin pretreatment prevented the weight loss. Pathological analysis showed that quercetin protected the heart tissue from doxorubicin-induced damage. Overall, this study suggests that quercetin pretreatment effectively prevents doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity, likely due to its antioxidant properties.
Royal jelly, a secretion produced by bees, has been previously shown to have beneficial effects on the nervous system. This study aimed to explore its potential in alleviating anxiety and controlling seizures in mice. To assess its anti-convulsant properties, 25 male mice were divided into 5 groups, with strychnine administered 30 minutes after royal jelly treatment to induce seizures. Key outcomes, including seizure onset and duration and mortality rates, were measured. A separate group of 35 male mice was used to evaluate the anxiolytic effect. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA, considering P < 0.05 as significant. The results demonstrated that royal jelly doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg significantly delayed seizure onset and reduced seizure duration compared to the control group. In addition, the mortality rate in these groups was significantly lower than in the control group (P < 0.05). In the anxiety test, royal jelly doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg notably increased the stopping time and the number of entries into the maze arms compared with the control group (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that royal jelly effectively reduces seizures induced by strychnine and has potential anxiolytic effects in mice.
The chemistry of α-(arylhydrazono)-β-ketoaldehydes has attracted significant attention due to their use as intermediates in organic synthesis and as building blocks for biologically active compounds. This study presents the synthesis of a novel series of 3,3'-(5-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3,4-diyl)bis(2-arylhydrazono-3-oxo-propanal) (3a-i), created through coupling reactions of sodium 3,3'-(5-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3,4-diyl)bis(3-oxoprop-1-en-1-olate) (2) with arenediazonium chloride. The subsequent condensation of these compounds 3a-i with hydrazine hydrate produced a new series of bis(arylazo)-terpyrazole derivatives (5a-i). The new compounds were characterized using spectroscopic techniques and basic evaluations. Furthermore, the electronic absorption spectra of the compounds were recorded in various buffer solutions, and their acidity constants (pK) were calculated. The study also examined the correlation between these constants and Hammett substituent constants. Results indicated that the compounds predominantly exist in the bis-hydrazo form (5A). Compounds 5a-i were evaluated for their antibacterial and anticancer properties against the HepG2 cell line in vitro.
Snakebite envenoming remains a significant global health challenge, with high mortality and morbidity rates persisting despite decades of medical attention. Each year, millions are affected by venomous snakebites, often resulting in death or severe disability. Snake venoms exhibit diverse bioactivities, including hemorrhagic, inflammatory, cytotoxic, cardiotoxic, and neurotoxic effects, mainly due to complex mixtures of toxin-rich proteins. Although considerable research has been undertaken, the majority of venom components remain uncharacterized. Recent advancements in proteomics and bioinformatics have enabled more detailed exploration of venom profiles, facilitating the identification and functional prediction of novel toxins. Computational approaches now enable modeling of toxin-target interactions, aiding understanding of venom mechanisms. This review also explores the emerging role of medicinal plants in snakebite treatment, alongside conventional antivenoms. Emphasis is placed on the urgent need to improve access to safe, affordable, and effective antivenoms in low-income tropical regions and to promote their appropriate clinical use.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease, is the most severe form of motor neuron degeneration. This study aims to: (1) compare genetic and non-genetic contributors to ALS development, (2) evaluate the pharmacological mechanisms of riluzole and its therapeutic potential across multiple conditions, and (3) explore treatment combinations for managing symptoms throughout ALS progression. The analysis was conducted using data from established electronic medical databases. The most frequently implicated genetic mutations in ALS include SOD1, SETX, FUS, VEGF, VAPB, ANG, TARDBP, FIG4, OPTN, ATXN2, VCP, UBQLN2, SIGMAR1, CHMP2B, PFN1, ERBB4, HNRNPA1, C9orf72, dynactin 1, H46R, and A4V. Additional risk factors include oxidative stress, glutamate-induced excitotoxicity, autoimmune responses, protein misfolding and aggregation, inflammation, and viral infections. Riluzole’s therapeutic actions are attributed to several mechanisms: (1) inhibition of repetitive neuronal firing, (2) blockade of persistent sodium currents in motor neurons, (3) enhancement of calcium-activated potassium currents, (4) reduction of presynaptic neurotransmitter release, and (5) attenuation of postsynaptic receptor responses. Combining riluzole with antioxidants such as vitamins E and C, coenzyme Q10, creatine, and selenium may enhance therapeutic efficacy in ALS. Symptomatic treatments include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, opioids for pain relief, and agents like Baclofen and Dantrolene to manage spasticity. Memantine, Nimesulide, and Gabapentin show promise for further research. Due to its diverse mechanisms, riluzole is also being investigated for use in Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, Machado-Joseph disease, multiple sclerosis, spinal muscular atrophy, and various neuropsychiatric conditions, including anxiety, autism, depression, and schizophrenia.
Over time, the field of psychology has made significant strides in the treatment of psychiatric conditions, including major depressive disorder (MDD), schizophrenia, and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Depression, also known as clinical depression, is a prevalent mental health condition defined by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and emptiness, all of which significantly impact the quality of life. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 3.8% of the global population experiences depression, with 15% of those affected dying by suicide. This review focuses on the emerging role of psychobiotics in treating clinical depression. Recent studies indicate that psychobiotics, which combine probiotics and prebiotics, offer potential therapeutic benefits. These compounds not only introduce beneficial bacteria to the gut but also support the growth of existing gut microbiota. Research on the gut-brain axis has revealed its key role in the effectiveness of psychobiotics, offering promising results for improving mental health. Beyond treating psychological disorders, psychobiotics also contribute to overall health by enhancing gut function.
The growing use of muscle-enhancing steroids, particularly anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), has raised significant concerns about their potential adverse effects on cardiovascular health, with heart attacks being a key risk. This study offers an in-depth exploration of the relationship between muscle-enhancing drugs and heart attacks. It examines the physiological processes by which steroids may lead to cardiovascular complications, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, and thrombosis. The research also evaluates the epidemiological data that links steroid use to a higher likelihood of heart attacks and other cardiovascular incidents. In addition, the study addresses the ethical issues surrounding steroid use in sports and fitness, as well as the regulatory measures in place to combat abuse. The importance of interdisciplinary collaboration and evidence-driven strategies to tackle this public health challenge is emphasized. Ultimately, the study advocates increased awareness, more extensive research, and stronger preventive efforts to reduce the cardiovascular risks associated with muscle-enhancing steroids, while encouraging safer alternatives for fitness enhancement.
Creatine is a naturally occurring compound found in muscle tissue that plays a vital role in cellular energy metabolism. While traditionally recognized for its benefits in enhancing skeletal muscle function and exercise performance, recent research has highlighted its potential therapeutic applications in various medical fields. This study reviews the available literature to assess the current state of knowledge regarding creatine’s medical uses and outlines directions for future research. Evidence has demonstrated a correlation between low creatine levels and reduced mental well-being, suggesting a role in the central nervous system. Notably, creatine has been explored as a potential antidepressant—both as a standalone treatment and as an adjunct to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)—owing to its newly discovered function as a neurotransmitter. Additionally, long-term investigations into creatine’s molecular mechanisms in the brain have prompted its study in stroke management, where it may support both prevention in high-risk populations and post-stroke rehabilitation. In the context of chronic heart failure, creatine has been linked to cardiomyocyte metabolic dysfunction, particularly regarding disruption of the creatine/phosphocreatine/ATP shuttle. Although studies examining creatine supplementation in cardiovascular disease have produced mixed results, the compound shows promise as a supportive therapy. However, further research is necessary to confirm its efficacy and safety across these medical applications.
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative condition characterized by motor impairments such as tremors and stiffness, along with non-motor symptoms including cognitive decline and depression. While current dopaminergic therapies help manage symptoms, they do not halt the progression of the disease, underscoring the urgent need for treatments that can modify its course. This review explores the potential of repurposing drugs from diverse therapeutic categories—such as immunomodulators, cardiometabolic agents, and anti-infectives—to treat PD. Immunomodulatory compounds such as c-Abl inhibitors (e.g., imatinib and nilotinib) and sargramostim have shown potential to reduce α-synuclein buildup and brain inflammation, though clinical outcomes have been inconsistent. Among cardiometabolic drugs, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, such as exenatide, have shown promising results in improving motor and cognitive function, with phase III trials currently investigating their ability to slow disease progression. Some anti-infective agents, including doxycycline and rifampicin, offer neuroprotective benefits through anti-inflammatory and anti-aggregation mechanisms. Despite ongoing concerns regarding their effectiveness and potential side effects, these repurposed drugs represent promising avenues for PD treatment. Moreover, emerging strategies such as gene therapy, enzyme replacement therapy, and advanced drug-delivery technologies aim to target the underlying disease mechanisms directly. Although no definitive disease-modifying treatment exists yet, the investigation of repurposed and novel therapies provides optimism for future advancements. Further large-scale clinical studies are essential to confirm their safety and therapeutic value.
The Ebola virus is a highly infectious pathogen with no effective antiviral treatments currently available, prompting ongoing research into potential therapeutic options. This study evaluated the inhibitory effects of licensed non-viral drugs on Ebola virus entry and replication using bioinformatic tools. A descriptive-analytical approach was used, in which the chemical structures of selected drugs were first generated in ChemDraw Ultra 10.0 and then energy-optimized in Hyperchem 8.0. Molecular docking was performed using AutoDock4.2 to simulate interactions between the drugs and viral proteins. The analysis revealed that the interactions involved primarily hydrophobic, π-π stacking, hydrogen bonding, and cation-π interactions. Chloroquine, diphenoxylate, and amodiaquine showed the strongest binding affinity, with the most negative docking energies, indicating their potential as effective inhibitors of the GP and VP40 proteins. Conversely, erythromycin and dirithromycin, due to their high hydrophilicity, exhibited weaker binding results. Overall, the study highlighted that drugs with hydrophobic components, effective hydrogen bonding, and tertiary amines tend to show enhanced anti-Ebola properties. The bioinformatic analysis suggests that these drugs could serve as promising candidates for inhibiting Ebola virus entry and replication.
Herbal substances have long been used as drugs of abuse, with traditional addictive substances like opium and cannabis often being derived from natural, crude plant materials. Cannabinoids and cathinones, for example, are natural derivatives. However, the safety and efficacy of these substances remain significant concerns that require attention and increased awareness. This review highlights various plants, including khat, kratom, salvia, and mandrake, to inform both experts and the general public about the potential risks associated with regular use and synthetic derivatives. Some of these “herbal plants” should be recognized as harmful substances, as prolonged use has been linked to addiction and cognitive impairments. Despite ongoing research, there is still a lack of comprehensive studies addressing these issues. This paper explores the toxicological concerns and key safety risks associated with plant-based products. Ensuring the safety and reliability of herbal remedies is of paramount importance, given ongoing concerns about their use.
Testicular toxicity is recognized as an underlying factor contributing to male infertility. This study evaluated the protective effects of Artemisia herba-alba against calcium tetrachloride (CCl₄)-induced toxicity in rats, focusing on its impact on ERCC1 gene expression. 20 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 5 per group). Group I served as the untreated control. Group II received oral CCl₄ (0.4 ml/200g) every other day for three weeks. Group III was administered Artemisia herba-alba (ART) extract orally at 500 mg/kg body weight every other day for three weeks. Group IV was treated with both ART extract (500 mg/kg b.w.) and CCl₄ (0.4 ml/200g) on alternating days over three weeks. Parameters assessed included body weight, relative kidney weight, serum testosterone, tissue oxidative stress markers, ERCC1 gene expression, and testicular histology. The results revealed that CCl₄ exposure led to reduced body weight, lower tissue glutathione (GSH), decreased serum testosterone, elevated lipid peroxidation, upregulated ERCC1 expression, and disrupted testicular histoarchitecture. Conversely, ART co-treatment mitigated these effects, improving testicular histology, downregulating ERCC1 expression, and partially preserving body weight and testosterone levels. Further research with extended treatment periods is recommended to confirm the therapeutic potential of ART in managing testicular toxicity.
Sildenafil citrate (SC), known for its role as a phosphodiesterase type-5 (PDE5) inhibitor, enhances the activity of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). This study explores SC’s influence on blood sugar regulation and blood-related parameters in rats with diabetes induced by streptozotocin (STZ). 50 male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four experimental groups: (i) a control group (n = 10), (ii) a control group receiving SC (n = 10), (iii) a diabetic group (n = 15), and (iv) a diabetic group treated with SC (n = 15). Diabetes was triggered using a single intraperitoneal dose of STZ (50 mg/kg), followed by oral administration of SC at 20 mg/kg daily for six weeks. Blood analyses were conducted to evaluate fasting glucose, insulin, HbA1c, liver enzymes (AST, ALT), renal markers (urea, creatinine), and coagulation profiles (PT, aPTT, fibrinogen, protein C, protein S). Diabetic rats showed significant increases in glucose, HbA1c, AST, ALT, urea, creatinine, and fibrinogen levels, along with reductions in insulin, aPTT, protein C, and protein S compared with non-diabetic controls. PT remained unaffected. SC did not significantly alter any parameters in non-diabetic rats, but in diabetic ones, it restored most measurements toward normal levels (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that SC may support better glycemic control and improve microvascular function, offering potential therapeutic value in mitigating diabetes-related complications.
Eurasian Academy of Medicine and Dentistry